The NexusDB V2 Grammar (as BNF)

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Symbol Meaning

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| Separates alternatives

[] Optional entry

{} Repetition zero or more times

() Grouping

'string' Directive (recognized in context, not reserved)

Tokens (terminals):

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<float_literal> :== ( <Digit> { <Digit> } ( ( '.' [ { <Digit> } [ 'E' [ ( '+' | '-' )] <Digit> { <Digit> } ]]) | ( 'E' [ ( '+' | '-' )] <Digit> { <Digit> } ))) | ( '.' <Digit> { <Digit> } [ 'E' [ ( '+' | '-' )] <Digit> { <Digit> } ])

<integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> }

<character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39

<quoted_temp_name> :== '"' '<' { <identChars> } '>' '"'

<bracketed_binary_string_literal> :== '[' <HexDigit> <HexDigit> { <HexDigit> <HexDigit> } ']'

<comment3> :== '/' '*' { <noStar> | '*' <noSlash> } '*' '/'

Productions (non-terminals):

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<Aggregate_factor> :== ( "COUNT" '(' ( '*' | [ ( "ALL" | "DISTINCT" ) ] <SimpleExpression> ) ')' | ( "MIN" | "MAX" | "SUM" | "AVG" | "MED" | "STD" | "LIST" ) '(' [ ( "ALL" | "DISTINCT" ) ] <SimpleExpression> ')' )

<ALL_or_ANY_clause> :== ( "ALL" | "ANY" | "SOME" ) '(' <SELECTStatement> ')'

<ALTER_statement> :== "ALTER" <AlterTableStatement>

<AnsiStringDataType> :== ( "TEXT" <OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> | "CHARACTER" "LARGE" 'OBJECT' <OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> | "CHAR" "LARGE" 'OBJECT' <OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> | "CLOB" <OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> | "SHORTSTRING" <OptionalSizeSpec> | ( "CHAR" [ "VARYING" ] | "CHARACTER" [ "VARYING" ] | "VARCHAR" ) <OptionalSizeSpec> | "SINGLECHAR" | "NULLSTRING" <OptionalSizeSpec> ) [ ( "CHARACTER" "SET" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 | 'CODEPAGE' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ) ]

<ASSERT_statement> :== "ASSERT" "TABLE" <SqlName> '=' "TABLE" <SqlName> [ "IGNORE" "ORDER" ]

<Basetable_element> :== <Column> <DataType> [ "DEFAULT" <DefaultSpecifier> ] [ "NOT" "NULL" ] { [ "CONSTRAINT" <SqlName> ] ( "PRIMARY" 'KEY' | "UNIQUE" | "CHECK" '(' <CondExp> ')' ) } [ [ "CONSTRAINT" <SqlName> ] "REFERENCES" <SqlName> [ '(' <Column> ')' ] { "ON" ( "UPDATE" <ReferenceAction> | "DELETE" <ReferenceAction> ) } ] [ 'DESCRIPTION' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ]

<BeginTransactionStatement> :== "START" 'TRANSACTION' [ ( 'SERIALIZABLE' | 'SNAPSHOT' ) ]

<BinaryDataType> :== ( "BLOB" <OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> | "BINARY" "LARGE" 'OBJECT' <OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> | "IMAGE" <OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> | "BYTEARRAY" <SizeSpec> )

<BLOBLiteral> :== ( 'X' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 { <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 } | <bracketed_binary_string_literal> :== '[' <HexDigit> <HexDigit> { <HexDigit> <HexDigit> } ']' )

<Boolean_literal> :== ( "TRUE" | "FALSE" | "UNKNOWN" )

<BreakStatement> :== "LEAVE"

<CallStatement> :== "CALL" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] '(' { <SimpleExpression> ',' } ')'

<CASE_expression> :== ( <SimpleExpression> <SimpleWhenClauseList> | <WhenClauseList> ) [ "ELSE" ( "NULL" | <SimpleExpression> ) ] "END"

<CAST_expression> :== '(' ( "NULL" | <SimpleExpression> ) "AS" <DataType> ')'

<COALESCE_expression> :== '(' <SimpleExpression> { ',' <SimpleExpression> } ')'

<CollationOptions> :== [ ( "COLLATE" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 | "LOCALE" <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ) <CompareFlags> ]

<CommitTransactionStatement> :== "COMMIT" [ 'WORK' ]

<CompareFlags> :== { "IGNORE" ( 'KANA' 'TYPE' | 'NONSPACE' | 'SYMBOLS' | 'WIDTH' ) } [ 'USE' 'STRING' 'SORT' ]

<CondTerm> :== <CondFactor> { "AND" <CondFactor> }

<ConstraintColumnList> :== '(' <Column> { ',' <Column> } ')'

<ContinueStatement> :== "ITERATE"

<CreateAssemblyStatement> :== "ASSEMBLY" <SqlName> [ "AUTHORIZATION" <SqlName> ] "FROM" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39

<CreateFunctionStatement> :== "FUNCTION" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] '(' [ { <SqlName> [ "AS" ] <DataType> ',' } ] ')' "RETURNS" ( <DataType> | "TABLE" ) <RoutineCharacteristics> [ 'DESCRIPTION' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ] [ "AS" ] ( <StatementBlock> | "RETURN" ( <ParenthesizedSelectStatement> | <CondExp> ) | "EXTERNAL" [ 'NAME' <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] ] ] )

<CreateIndexStatement> :== [ ( "UNIQUE" | "PRIMARY" ) ] "INDEX" <SqlName> "ON" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] '(' <IndexElement> { ',' <IndexElement> } ')'

<CreateTableStatement> :== [ ( "GLOBAL" | "LOCAL" ) 'TEMPORARY' ] "TABLE" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] ( [ 'DESCRIPTION' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ] [ ( 'BLOCKSIZE' | 'BLOCK' [ 'SIZE' ] ) <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ] [ ( 'INITIALSIZE' | 'INITIAL' [ 'SIZE' ] ) <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ] [ ( 'GROWSIZE' | 'GROW' [ 'SIZE' ] ) <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ] [ 'STORAGE' [ 'ENGINE' ] <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ] [ 'ENCRYPTION' [ 'ENGINE' ] <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 [ 'ENCRYPT' "WITH" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ] ] [ "DEFAULT" ( "CHARACTER" "SET" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 | 'CODEPAGE' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ) ] [ "DEFAULT" ( 'COLLATION' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 | "LOCALE" <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ) <CompareFlags> ] '(' ( <Basetable_element> | <TableConstraint> | "LIKE" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] ) { ',' ( <Basetable_element> | <TableConstraint> | "LIKE" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] ) } ')' | [ '(' <ColumnNameList> ')' ] "AS" '(' <SELECTStatement> ')' "WITH" [ "NO" ] 'DATA' )

<CreateTriggerStatement> :== "TRIGGER" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] ( 'BEFORE' | 'AFTER' ) ( "INSERT" | "UPDATE" [ "OF" <ColumnNameList> ] | "DELETE" ) { ',' ( "INSERT" | "UPDATE" [ "OF" <ColumnNameList> ] | "DELETE" ) } "ON" <SqlName> [ "REFERENCING" ( 'OLD' [ "ROW" ] [ "AS" ] <SqlName> | 'NEW' [ "ROW" ] [ "AS" ] <SqlName> ) { ( 'OLD' [ "ROW" ] [ "AS" ] <SqlName> | 'NEW' [ "ROW" ] [ "AS" ] <SqlName> ) } ] [ 'DESCRIPTION' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ] [ "AS" ] [ "FOR" "EACH" "ROW" ] [ "WHEN" '(' <CondExp> ')' ] <StatementOrStatementBlock>

<CreateViewStatement> :== 'VIEW' <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] [ '(' <ColumnNameList> ')' ] [ 'DESCRIPTION' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ] "AS" <TableExp1>

<DateLiteral> :== "DATE" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39

<DateTimeDataType> :== ( "DATE" | "TIME" | "DATETIME" | "TIMESTAMP" )

<DeclareStatement> :== "DECLARE" <identifier> :== ( <Letter> | '@' ) { <Letter> | <Digit> | '@' } { ','<identifier> :== ( <Letter> | '@' ) { <Letter> | <Digit> | '@' } } <DataType> [ "DEFAULT" <DefaultSpecifier> ]

<DeleteStatement> :== "DELETE" "FROM" <SimpleTableRef> [ "WHERE" <CondExp> ]

<DeterministicCharacteristic> :== [ "NOT" ] "DETERMINISTIC"

<DropRoutineStatement> :== ( 'ROUTINE' | "PROCEDURE" | "FUNCTION" ) <ExistsCheck> <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] [ 'RESTRICT' ] [ 'NORESTRICT' ]

<DropStatement> :== "DROP" ( "TABLE" <ExistsCheck> <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] [ 'RESTRICT' ] | "INDEX" <ExistsCheck> <SqlName> '.' <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] | <DropRoutineStatement> | "TRIGGER" <ExistsCheck> <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] | 'VIEW' <ExistsCheck> <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] [ 'RESTRICT' ] | "ASSEMBLY" <ExistsCheck> <SqlName> )

<ExistsClause> :== "EXISTS" '(' <SELECTStatement> ')'

<FieldRef> :== <SqlName> [ '.' ( <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] | '*' ) ] [ <FunctionArguments> ]

<FloatLiteral> :== <float_literal> :== ( <Digit> { <Digit> } ( ( '.' [ { <Digit> } [ 'E' [ ( '+' | '-' )] <Digit> { <Digit> } ]]) | ( 'E' [ ( '+' | '-' )] <Digit> { <Digit> } ))) | ( '.' <Digit> { <Digit> } [ 'E' [ ( '+' | '-' )] <Digit> { <Digit> } ])

<ForeignKeyConstraint> :== "FOREIGN" 'KEY' <ConstraintColumnList> "REFERENCES" <SqlName> [ <ForeignColumnList> ] { "ON" ( "UPDATE" <ReferenceAction> | "DELETE" <ReferenceAction> ) }

<FullTextSearchExpr> :== { <FullTextSearchTerm> "OR" }

<FullTextSearchTerm> :== { <FullTextSearchFactor> "AND" }

<FunctionCallStatement> :== <SqlName> '(' { <SimpleExpression> ',' } ')'

<GroupColumnList> :== <GroupColumn> { ',' <GroupColumn> }

<GuidLiteral> :== "GUID" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39

<IgnoreRestrict> :== ( "IGNORE" | 'RESTRICT' )

<InClause> :== "IN" '(' ( <SELECTStatement> | <SimpleExpressionList> ) ')'

<IntegerLiteral> :== <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> }

<IntervalLiteral> :== "INTERVAL" [ ( '+' | '-' ) ] <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 <YMDHMS> [ "TO" <YMDHMS> ]

<IsTest> :== "IS" [ "NOT" ] ( "NULL" | "TRUE" | "FALSE" | "UNKNOWN" )

<LikeClause> :== "LIKE" <SimpleExpression> [ "ESCAPE" <SimpleExpression> ] [ "IGNORE" "CASE" ]

<LogStatement> :== 'LOGMESSAGE' '(' { <SimpleExpression> ',' } ')'

<NakedStatementBlock> :== <NakedStatement> { ';' <NakedStatement> } ';'

<NestedFactor> :== '(' ( <CondExp> | <SELECTStatement> ) ')'

<NonJoinTablePrimary> :== ( <SELECTStatement> | '(' <NonJoinTableExp> ')' | "TABLE" '(' <FunctionCallStatement> ')' )

<NonJoinTableTerm> :== <NonJoinTablePrimary> { "INTERSECT" [ ( "ALL" | "DISTINCT" ) ] <NonJoinTablePrimary> }

<NullCallClause> :== ( "RETURNS" "NULL" "ON" "NULL" 'INPUT' | "CALLED" "ON" "NULL" 'INPUT' )

<NumericDataType> :== ( "TINYINT" | "BYTE" | "WORD" | "DWORD" | "INT" | "INTEGER" | "SMALLINT" | "SHORTINT" | "LARGEINT" | "BIGINT" | "AUTOINC" [ '(' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } [ ',' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ] ')' ] | "FLOAT" <OptionalDecimalSpec> | "REAL" | "DOUBLE" "PRECISION" | "EXTENDED" | "MONEY" | "NUMERIC" <OptionalPrecisionScaleSpec> | "DECIMAL" <OptionalPrecisionScaleSpec> | "DEC" <OptionalPrecisionScaleSpec> )

<OptionalDecimalSpec> :== [ '(' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ')' ]

<OptionalIgnoredSizeSpec> :== [ '(' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ')' ]

<OptionalPrecisionScaleSpec> :== [ '(' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } [ ',' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ] ')' ]

<OptionalSizeSpec> :== [ '(' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ')' ]

<OrderList> :== <OrderItem> { ',' <OrderItem> }

<ParameterMode> :== [ ( "IN" | "OUT" | "INOUT" ) ]

<ParenthesizedSelectStatement> :== ( '(' <ParenthesizedSelectStatement> ')' | <SELECTStatement> )

<PrimaryKeyConstraint> :== "PRIMARY" 'KEY' <ConstraintColumnList>

<ReferenceAction> :== ( 'CASCADE' | 'RESTRICT' | "SET" "NULL" | "SET" "DEFAULT" )

<Relation> :== <RelationalOperator> ( <ALL_or_ANY_clause> | <SimpleExpression> )

<RepeatStatement> :== "REPEAT" <NakedStatementBlock> "UNTIL" <CondExp> "END" "REPEAT"

<ReturnParenthesizedSelectStatement> :== ( '(' <ReturnParenthesizedSelectStatement> ')' | <TableExp1> )

<ReturnStatement> :== "RETURN" [ ( <CondExp> | <ReturnParenthesizedSelectStatement> ) ]

<RollbackTransactionStatement> :== "ROLLBACK" [ 'WORK' ]

<RoutineCharacteristics> :== { <RoutineCharacteristic> }

<ScalarFunction> :== ( "CASE" <CASE_expression> | "CAST" <CAST_expression> | ( "CHARACTER_LENGTH" | "CHAR_LENGTH" ) '(' <SimpleExpression> [ "USING" ( 'CHARACTERS' | 'OCTETS' ) ] ')' | "OCTET_LENGTH" '(' <SimpleExpression> ')' | "COALESCE" <COALESCE_expression> | "EXTRACT" '(' <YMDHMS> "FROM" <SimpleExpression> ')' | "NULLIF" '(' <SimpleExpression> ',' <SimpleExpression> ')' | "POSITION" '(' <SimpleExpression> "IN" <SimpleExpression> [ "USING" ( 'CHARACTERS' | 'OCTETS' ) ] ')' | "SUBSTRING" '(' <SimpleExpression> "FROM" <SimpleExpression> [ "FOR" <SimpleExpression> ] [ "USING" ( 'CHARACTERS' | 'OCTETS' ) ] ')' | "SYSTEM_ROW_35_" | "TRIM" '(' [ ( "LEADING" | "TRAILING" | "BOTH" ) ] [ <SimpleExpression> ] [ "FROM" <SimpleExpression> ] ')' )

<Selection> :== ( '*' | <CondExp> [ <ColumnAlias> ] )

<SelectionList> :== <Selection> { ',' <Selection> }

<SetPasswordsStatement> :== "SET" "PASSWORDS" [ [ ( 'ADD' | 'REMOVE' ) ] <PasswordList> ]

<SetStatement> :== "SET" <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] '=' ( "NULL" | "DEFAULT" | <CondExp> )

<SignedIntegerLiteral> :== [ '-' ] <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> }

<SimpleExpression> :== <Term> { ( '+' | '-' | '||' ) <Term> }

<SimpleExpressionList> :== <SimpleExpression> { ',' <SimpleExpression> }

<SimpleTableRef> :== ( <SqlName> [ '.' <SqlName> ] [ <SimpleAlias> ] | "TABLE" '(' <SqlName> '(' { <SimpleExpression> ',' } ')' ')' <SimpleAlias> )

<SimpleTableRefOrParenTableExp> :== ( <SimpleTableRef> | '(' <TableExp1> ')' [ <SimpleAlias> ] )

<SimpleWhenClauseList> :== <SimpleWhenClause> { <SimpleWhenClause> }

<SizeSpec> :== '(' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ')'

<SortingOptions> :== <CollationOptions> { "IGNORE" "CASE" } [ ( 'ASC' | 'DESC' ) ] [ ( 'NULLS' ( 'FIRST' | 'LAST' | 'ONLY' ) | "NO" 'NULLS' ) ]

<SQLDataAccessIndication> :== ( "NO" "SQL" | "CONTAINS" "SQL" | "READS" "SQL" 'DATA' | "MODIFIES" "SQL" 'DATA' )

<SqlName> :== ( <identifier> :== ( <Letter> | '@' ) { <Letter> | <Digit> | '@' } | <quoted_name> :== '"' { <identChars> } '"' | <quoted_temp_name> :== '"' '<' { <identChars> } '>' '"' )

<StatementBlock> :== "BEGIN" [ [ "NOT" ] "ATOMIC" ] <NakedStatementBlock> "END"

<StringDataType> :== ( <AnsiStringDataType> | <UnicodeStringDataType> ) [ ( "COLLATE" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 | "LOCALE" <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> } ) <CompareFlags> ]

<StringLiteral> :== [ 'N' ] <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 { [ 'N' ] <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 }

<Switch> :== ( '+' | '-' )

<TableConstraint> :== [ "CONSTRAINT" <SqlName> ] ( <PrimaryKeyConstraint> | <UniqueKeyConstraint> | <ForeignKeyConstraint> | <CheckConstraint> )

<TableExp1> :== ( <SimpleTableRefOrParenTableExp> <JoinTableExp> { <JoinTableExp> } [ <SimpleAlias> ] | <NonJoinTableExp> | '(' <TableExp1> ')' [ <SimpleAlias> ] ) { ( "UNION" | "EXCEPT" ) [ ( "ALL" | "DISTINCT" ) ] <NonJoinTableTerm> }

<TableExp2> :== ( <SimpleTableRefOrParenTableExp> <JoinTableExp> { <JoinTableExp> } [ <SimpleAlias> ] | '(' <TableExp1> ')' [ <SimpleAlias> ] )

<TableRef> :== ( <TableExp2> | <SimpleTableRef> ) [ '(' <ColumnNameList> ')' ]

<TableRefList> :== <TableRef> { ',' <TableRef> }

<ThrowStatement> :== "SIGNAL" <SimpleExpression>

<TimeLiteral> :== "TIME" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39

<TimeoutSwitch> :== '#T' <integer_literal> :== <Digit> { <Digit> }

<TimestampLiteral> :== "TIMESTAMP" <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39

<UnicodeLiteral> :== 'U' '&' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 { <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 } [ 'UESCAPE' <character_string_literal> :== #39 { <noQuote> | #39 #39 } #39 ]

<UniqueClause> :== "UNIQUE" '(' <TableExp1> ')'

<UniqueKeyConstraint> :== "UNIQUE" <ConstraintColumnList>

<UpdateList> :== <UpdateItem> { ',' <UpdateItem> }

<UpdateStatement> :== "UPDATE" <SimpleTableRef> "SET" <UpdateList> [ "WHERE" <CondExp> ]

<UsingList> :== <UsingItem> { ',' <UsingItem> }

<ValueList> :== <ValueItem> { ',' <ValueItem> }

<WhenClause> :== "WHEN" <CondExp> "THEN" ( "NULL" | <SimpleExpression> )

<WhenClauseList> :== <WhenClause> { <WhenClause> }

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